ASBESTOS INFORMATION

ASBESTOS-

-translated from the Greek «asbestos» means «widow», «inextinguishable», «relentless» - a rather romantic name of this unique natural mineral. Other, no less romantic, the name of the mineral - «amianthus», because asbestos is able to split into the finest long fiber with thickness up to 0.5 microns. The unique properties of the mineral have been the basis for many legends about the asbestos. In one of the most famous legends of asbestos known as wool salamanders - mysterious lizards living in the fire. In the Urals for a long time called stone tow, which tkali napkins and tablecloths are not burning in the fire
All these forms of asbestos differ among themselves on their properties (including thickness and length of fibers), but in general are characterized by high tensile strength, low thermal conductivity and relatively high chemical resistance.
In Russia, asbestos is known since the early 18 th century and the beginning of its use as the legend associated with the name of a famous industrialist Nikita Demidov, although widespread use of asbestos in industry is already much later - in the late 19 th century. For many years, asbestos is used in construction (cement slabs, pipes, etc.) in the manufacture of friction material (for example, brake pads and clutch linings drive in cars), refractory and insulating materials (special panel, fabric, etc. .), the production of special technical paper, etc. In fact, 95% of world production of asbestos are chrysotile asbestos produced in Russia.
Asbestos is known to very ancient times. Yet for 1300 years BC in ancient China, in India, the priests were of the asbestos fire-proof clothing, which consisted of fire, came out of it alive, to the amazement people, thereby worship in front of you.
Over the years 300-400 BC mineral was known in Greece, where he received the name «asbestos» - nonflammable.
In the Middle Ages believed that the asbestos wool is an animal, like a snake living in the fire and called salamanders. His coat is off and out of the weave can be fire-proof fabric.

Asbestosis a natural variant of gidrosilikatov, fibrous minerals (serpentine, amphiboles), easily split into thin strong fibers, which constitute a crystal or a coiled tubular structure. He has a high thermostability: melts at a temperature of 1550 degrees Celsius. Its tensile strength along the fiber - up to 30000 kgf / cm 2, which is higher than the strength of steel. Legs against alkalis, acids and other corrosive liquids. It has also distinguished spinning properties, elasticity, schelochestoykostyu, high sorption, thermal, acoustic and electrical properties.
According to the chemical composition of asbestos minerals are water-magnesium silicates, iron, calcium and sodium. Water content in serpentine asbestos group of 13-14.5%, while in the group of amphiboles (depending on the type) 1.5 - 3%.
The fibrous structure is most pronounced among the asbestos serpentinovoy group, where only one type of asbestos - chrysotile asbestos, it is most used in industry.
Chrysotile asbestos - is fine, white or greenish-yellow mineral (3MgO • 2SiO2 • 2H2O) c silky luster, streak forms, which are transversely fibrous structure with a length of fibers from the shares of a millimeter up to 5-6 cm (occasionally up to 16 cm) thick less than 0.0001 mm. One remarkable feature of this mineral is the ability to wrinkle and fine raspushatsya in mass, like linen or cotton, suitable for the manufacture of fireproof tkaney. Temperatures up to +500 ° C.
Chrysotile asbestos has a high tensile strength of fiber along the axis. The greatest strength of the asbestos fibers are carefully separated from the lump of asbestos. Depending on the elasticity of fiber distinguish three types of chrysotile asbestos: a normal, polulomkuyu and brittle. This division is conditional because in reality there is no abrupt transition from one variety to another.
An important characteristic of asbestos - modulus. The average modulus of elasticity chrysotile asbestos ranging from 16104 to 21104 MPa.
Rocks containing asbestos, mined by opencast methods and subjected to enrichment in asbestos factories to highlight chrysotile asbestos. Commodity chrysotile asbestos is composed of a mixture of fibers of different lengths and their aggregates. Aggregates of asbestos fibers with undeformed size in diameter of more than 2 mm are called “lump of asbestos,” and less than 2 mm - “needles”. “Raspushennym” called asbestos fibers in which the thin, twisted and confused. The particles of rock and related asbestos fibers is passed through a sieve with the size of a cell in the light side 0.25 mm, referred to as “dust.” Chrysotile Asbestos, depending on the length of fiber is divided into eight varieties
The first three varieties of asbestos are dlinnovoloknistymi and relate to the textile classes, and the last class - korotkovoloknistymi, they are called construction. Depending on the texture (degree of preservation of aggregates of fibers), asbestos is divided into hard (M), which is dominated by needles; semihard (P) - with an equal number of needles, and fiber raspushennogo, mild (M) - with an overwhelming number of raspushennogo fiber.

Chrysotile asbestos

Chrysotile asbestos - is fine, white or greenish-yellow mineral (3 MgO • 2 SiO2 • 2H2O) c silky luster, forming a streak of ultrabasic rocks, mainly in the peridotites. Streak are transversely fibrous structure with a length of fibers from the shares of a millimeter up to 5-6 cm (occasionally up to 16 cm) thickness of less than 0.0001 mm.
It is anticipated that the introduction of granites for warming ultrabasic rocks, and has contributed to dissolution of their chemical elements, particularly magnesium and silicon. These elements were in hot water solutions, filling the cracks. As cooling ultrabasic rocks deposited in rift-chrysotile asbestos. Transversely fibrous structure of the fact that as more cracks embryos crystals attached to the wall, stretch perpendicular to the crack.
Commodity chrysotile asbestos is composed of a mixture of fibers of different lengths and their aggregates. Aggregates of asbestos fibers with undeformed size in diameter of more than 2 mm are called “lump of asbestos,” and less than 2 mm - “needles”. “Raspushennym” called asbestos fibers in which the thin, twisted and confused. The particles of rock and related asbestos fibers is passed through a sieve with the size of a cell in the light side 0.25 mm, referred to as “dust.” Chrysotile Asbestos, depending on the length of fiber is divided into eight classes (from 0 to 7).

Asbestos minerals group called serpentine or amphibole fibrous structure capable of with a mechanical impact divided into subtle fibril. According to the chemical composition of asbestos minerals are water-magnesium silicates, iron, calcium and sodium. Water content in serpentine asbestos group of 13-14.5%, while in the group of amphiboles (depending on the type) 1.5 - 3%.
The fibrous structure is most pronounced among the asbestos serpentinovoy group, where only one type of asbestos - chrysotile asbestos, it is most used in industry.
Chrysotile asbestos has a high tensile strength of fiber along the axis. The greatest strength of the asbestos fibers are carefully separated from the lump of asbestos. Depending on the elasticity of fiber distinguish three types of chrysotile asbestos: a normal, polulomkuyu and brittle. This division is conditional because in reality there is no abrupt transition from one variety to another.
An important characteristic of asbestos - modulus. The average modulus of elasticity chrysotile asbestos ranging from 16104 to 21104 MPa.

Physical properties

Asbestos - vysokotermostoyky material with heat and fire resistance. His main thermal characteristics of the following:
- Removal of free-sorbirovannoy (hydroscopic) moisture 100-120 OS;
- Removal of structurally-related (crystallization water), with
350-450oS;
- The destruction of the crystal structure of - 600-750oS;
- Melting point of chrysotile asbestos - 1500-1550oS, crocidolite - 1150-1200oS.
Tensile strength - 3000 MPa
Density - 2,4-2,6 g/cm3
Melting Point - 1450-1500 ° C
Friction coefficient - 0.8
Schelochestoykost - 9,1-10,3 pH
Specific surface - 20 m2 / g
tensile strength over 3000 MPa;
density from 2.4 to 2.6 g/cm3;
melting temperature from 1450 to 1500 ° C;
coefficient of friction of 0.8 units;
schelochestoykost from 9.1 to 10.3 pH;
specific surface 20 m2g.
Asbestos is a heat-resistant material and can be operated at a temperature of 500-550oS briefly - before 700oS. Varieties of asbestos with minimal impurities neelektroprovodny and have good elektroizoliruyuschimi properties.
The high surface energy and improved the surface attached to asbestos good sorption properties for polar substances.
All forms of asbestos have high schelochestoykost, but in solutions of acids chrysotile asbestos losing their properties because of the dissolution of magnesium oxide. Crocidolite is the best acid.
The combination of unique properties of chrysotile asbestos, such as: the ability to split into the finest elastic fibers with high mechanical strength, incombustibility and heat resistance, high coefficient of friction. The low conductivity of heat, electrical current and sound, atmosphere resistance, schelocheustoychivost and resistance to seawater, the high adsorbed activity and ability to form stable compositions with various binding materials allows the use of chrysotile asbestos in almost all areas of industry. Basically, as it is used for the manufacture of asbestos-cement materials for the construction, manufacturing asbotehnicheskih products for the automotive, aircraft, tractors, chemical and electrochemical industries, as well as shipbuilding, machine building, defense industry and the rocket. The number of types of products produced from asbestos in its pure form or in compositions with other materials, is more than three thousand names. The uniqueness of asbestos is not only the diversity of its application, but in the complete absence of natural and synthetic analogs of substitutes that have the same qualities. Industrial use of chrysotile asbestos-economically profitable because of its availability, cheapness and durability.

Chemical properties

On the composition of asbestos - a natural magnesium gidrosilikat, also containing oxides of other elements. There are several varieties of asbestos, but the industrial importance are two basic types, are, inter alia, as follows (depending on the composition of the deposit may be a few others):
- Chrysotile asbestos 3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O;
- Crocidolite 2Na2O.2MgO. (4-6) Fe2O.
(2-4) Fe2O3. (16-17) SiO2. (2-3) H2O.
In the presence of asbestos as an impurity - oxides of aluminum, manganese, titanium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and others are more of chrysotile asbestos. They are attached to asbestos, and color.

The chemical composition of chrysotile-asbestos

Compound Mass fraction
SiO2 40.70 … 42.80
Al2O3 0.45 … 1.40
Cr2O3 0.01 … 0.09
FeO 0.09 … 1.25
Fe2O3 0.30 … 1.44
MgO 41.00 … 42.30
MnO 0.00 … 0.27
CaO 0.00 … 0.40
NiO 0.00 … 0.24
Na2O 0.00 … 0.08
K2O 0.00 … 0.05
H2O + 12.60 … 13.30
H2O - 0.50 … 1.30
Other 12.60 … 14.00
The structure of asbestos is very interesting. For example, planar molecules of chrysotile asbestos have asymmetric layered structure, so that they phased out in a very thin tube (a kind of «roll»). The diameter of such a «basic» needle crystal with chrysotile asbestos, 10-30 nm, with crocidolite - 50-99 nm. Microstructure of asbestos - needle and Srostki. Commercial asbestos is a set of hundreds and thousands joined together elementary needle crystals with a width of about 0,1-0,5 microns.

Classification:

Chrysotile.

The sheet silicate, which consists of lying in one plane of silica tetrahedra connected by covered by a layer of brusita. Silica-brusitovye plate is slightly bent due to the structural mismatch, resulting in torsional plates and education long hollow tubes. Of these tubes, and form composite beams chrysotile fibers. The chemical composition of chrysotile is homogeneous in contrast to the varieties of amphibole-asbestos. The presence of a certain amount of oxides is the result of contamination in the formation of minerals in the rock rock. Some of these elements may be included in the structure, and also may be present as a major element of small concentrations of certain varieties of minerals belonging to the bundle of fibers. Long and curved elastic fibers of chrysotile are usually intertwined in bundles with fluffy ends. These beams are connected hydrogen bonds and / or some solid outside of the fiber. The length of chrysotile fibers found in nature, ranging from 1 to 20 mm, with individual copies of up to 100 mm. Chrysotile is extremely sensitive to acid, although less susceptible to the effects of sodium hydroxide (edkogo sodium) than any amfibolnye fiber.
Amfibolnye minerals are a double chain of silica tetrahedra, cross-linked kationovymi bridges. The chemical and physical composition of amphibole asbestos are very diverse. The composition of the working of the specimen coincides with the expected theoretical extremely rare. However, the identification of different fibers for the convenience of using the theoretical limit.

Crocidolite (ribekit-asbestos)

Typical for crocidolite fibers bundles disintegrate into shorter and thinner fibers more easily than other amphibole asbestos fibers. However, thus formed fiber is usually not so small in diameter as the fibers of chrysotile. In comparison with other amphiboles crocidolite or chrysotile has a relatively low heat resistance, but its fibers are widely used where high acid resistance is required. Krokidolitovye fibers have a moderate to good flexibility, low pryadomostyu and changing from soft to rigid structure. Unlike chrysotile crocidolite is usually polluted by organic impurities, including a small amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzapyrene.
Amosite (gryunerit-asbestos), amosite fibers are usually longer than that of crocidolite. Most amozitovyh fibers have a straight edge and the characteristic rectangular end of axes.
Anthophyllite-asbestos is a relatively rare fibrous prismatic magnesium-iron amphibole, which sometimes occurs in the form of impurities in talc deposits. Characteristically, anthophyllite fibers larger than that of other common forms of asbestos.
Tremolite and actinolite asbestos, tremolite asbestos, are monoclinic calcium-magnesium amphibole. Actinolite asbestos, so its derivative zhelezozameschenny. Both types of fibers are rarely found in separate deposits, often found as contaminants in other fields of admixture of asbestos. First as an impurity in chrysotile and talc deposits, second in amozitovyh fields. Tremolite-asbestos fibers vary in size, but may approach the size of the fibers crocidolite and amosite.

Packaging, labeling, transportation and storage.

Asbestos packed in paper bags brand NM or imported synthetic bags to ensure the safety of asbestos during the warranty period of storage. Completed asbestos bags sew machine or zakleivayut. Depending on the brand of asbestos net and gross weight of a bag should be 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 kg. In agreement permitted asbestos packing 6 and 7, the group specialized in soft-off containers are used, whether for groups of 3-6 in the form of large bricks.
In the labeling of asbestos containing three groups of letters and / or numbers separated by hyphens. Russian capital letters. Where the first group A, which indicates the name of the material, the second shows a group, the third is the guarantee the minimum balance on the primary sieve for asbestos groups 0-6, and bulk density for asbestos 7 group. For example A-7-300 or A-6K-45.
Asbestos is transported by all modes of transport in line with the rules of transport and technical conditions of loading and securing cargo, operating in this mode of transport. Allowed transportation of asbestos groups 6-7 in bulk without packaging in clean closed vehicles.
Packed asbestos stored indoors, under cover or outdoors in synthetic waterproof material containers closed.

History of Asbestos

Asbestos is known for a long time. Yet for 1300 years BC in ancient China and India were the priests of the asbestos fire-proof clothing in which they are part of the fire and left him alive, leading to universal admiration. Over the years 300-400 BC mineral was known in Greece, where he got the name “asbestos” - “non”. In the Middle Ages believed that the asbestos wool is an animal, like a snake living in the fire and called salamanders. In XVIII-XIX centuries. dlinnovoloknistogo of asbestos produced in Piedmont (Italy), produced a paper suitable for writing, purses and lace. In the middle of the XIX century. in France and Italy have made attempts to use the fire-resistance and low thermal conductivity of asbestos in the manufacture of clothing for firefighters. In Russia, asbestos was found in 1720 in the Middle Urals city of Nevyanskom, where enterprising gornopromyshlennik Demidov mineral extraction organized, named amianthus. It knit gloves, manufacture of textiles and clothing for the workers of metallurgical plants. In 1722 the cloth of asbestos have been donated to Peter I. In 1876, Canada found the deposit of asbestos, and the country has long been ranked first in its production. In 1885, in the Urals was opened Bazhenovskoe deposit of asbestos, and since 1889 has started its industrial development.
In the 70 years the Soviet Union has become the world’s production of asbestos, and today Russia’s largest producer and consumer of this mineral, which is a part of more than three thousand products of various construction and industrial sectors.

Antiasbestovaya Company

Extraction, enrichment and the use of many mineral deposits associated with negative effects on their health. There was an exception and asbestos, which has a negative biological impact on the human body.
In 1907 in England, Dr. Murray first encountered a case of pulmonary diseases - asbestosis from working in contact with asbestos. After that, asbestos has been drawn to the attention of medical science and, since the 30’s, in an increasing volume of overseas and at home materials published on the adverse effects of asbestos dust.
In the early 70-ies of the major basic research scientists, doctors confirmed her cancer risk to workers from asbestos a long time. International Agency for Research on Cancer including asbestos in the group of substances with a reliably proven carcinogenic.
Renowned American scholar Irving Selikoff at the same time put forward the position of «and fiber kills one», which was supported by some foreign researchers and the basis for a broad antiasbestovoy campaign. In the United States and Western Europe have programs to restrict and prohibit the use of asbestos, as well as to remove it from the previously constructed buildings and facilities.
The most active in the prohibition of the use of asbestos has initiated Environmental Protection Agency United States, which adopted the 1989 ordinance banning of asbestos by 1996.
In 1991, the U.S. Court of Appeals overturned the ruling because of the lack of validity, as well as agency:
- Not examined the possibility of replacing the asbestos cheaper alternative materials;
- Not examined the possible harmful effects of increased use of substitutes, many of which contain carcinogens;
- Not calculated the possible losses of State as a result of this ruling.
Finally, methods have been convicted of the agency in making decisions that do not provide a record of all views.
In the United States the use of asbestos is currently permitted, but the wave antiasbestovogo psychosis spread to Western Europe. In the fraction of «green» European Parliament a motion «Disable asbestos», which is distributed in the countries of Western Europe tendentious «Black Book Asbestos» and has been actively campaigning for a ban of asbestos, not only in Europe but throughout the world.
Currently, nine EU countries banned on their territories in whole or in part the use of asbestos and asbestos-containing materials. Opposition to a ban in Western Europe have had only four countries: Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland.
Directive of the European Commission of the European Parliament on 4 May 1999 proposed the prohibition of the use of asbestos in January 2005. However, the directive stated that the Commission will continue to consider any new scientific data on risks to health in relation to chrysotile asbestos and its substitutes before 1 January 2003 and, if necessary, propose appropriate changes in legislation. Thus, the chances of preventing a total ban of asbestos in Western Europe still is.
Since the position of a total ban of asbestos does not agree to the Governments of many countries in the world, primarily asbestodobyvayuschih and asbestopotreblyayuschih; do not agree, many prominent scientists, including those countries where asbestos is prohibited. Policy-controlled use of asbestos support the International Labor Organization and World Health Organization.
The main reason antiasbestovoy campaign is a high level of morbidity and mortality in the use of asbestos in the uncontrolled environment in the past, although as a result of improvements in working conditions and environmental protection has decreased the level of asbestoobuslovlennyh disease.
Important cause of antiasbestovoy campaign is competition from manufacturers of alternative materials - an active campaign carried out in countries that do not have their own fields of asbestos, but there is a strong chemical and metallurgical industries producing substitutes. Documents of WHO and the International Labor Organization, many of them are probable carcinogens.
Views of doctors in different countries about the harmfulness of asbestos left in one - there is the threshold dose of asbestos in the air, below which it is absolutely harmless.
Health standards of various countries have established maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of asbestos fibers in the air of residential and industrial buildings that are close in absolute values: in the UK - 0.07 vol/sm3, Canada - 0.04, in France - 0025. Russia offered medical MPC asbestos 0,06 vol/sm3.

Harmful to human health only to elevated concentrations of asbestos fibers. According to recent research, amphibole asbestos has a high biological aggressiveness in comparison to chrysotile-asbestos.
So, antiasbestovaya campaign continues. In opposition to it in 1976, founded the International Association of asbestos, which brings together some 40 countries. Thus, the use or prohibition of one of the most precious of natural fibers that have ever had of mankind, remains open, providing the right to choose professionals.
In today’s world is about 2000 hazardous substances, including the 300 - to the carcinogenic properties, there are many industrial processes that cause cancer, but only one call to ban asbestos.

Why antiasbestovoy campaign?

1. High levels of morbidity and mortality in the use of asbestos in the uncontrolled environment in the past.
As a result, most foreign studies asbestoobuslovlennyh increased risk of disease was found predominantly in izolirovschikov, workshops and shipyards asbestotekstilnyh factories during the Second World War, worked with asbestos (amphiboles mixed with chrysotile) in the extremely high concentrations (tens to hundreds of mg / cm) in the absence of remedies.
Currently, the member countries-the International Association of asbestos only 1.3% of air dust analysis is not consistent with the MPC is equal to 2 pag / ml, many scientists believe the boundary between dangerous and safe exposure to asbestos, and in 96% of tests MPC does not exceed 1 pag / ml. Nevertheless, a number of specialists, opponents of the asbestos, persistent and, in our opinion, incorrectly extrapolates the negative indicators of the past with the modern production. This is wrong, because the people, the builders did not use asbestos in its pure form, a product in which it is located in a matrix binder. If you are using a product concentration of asbestos fibers into the air negligible to talk about risk. Even with their destruction in the air, stands out as a rule, no asbestos in its pure form, and units with fiber binders.

2. Usage in Western Europe in large quantities amfibolovogo asbestos.
The term «asbestos» brings together a large group of natural fibrous materials, varying the composition, crystalline structure, physicochemical properties, as well as the peculiarities of biological effects on human body. In the United States, Western Europe earlier in large quantities using acid-fast group of amphibole asbestos. According to recent research, that asbestos has a high biological aggressiveness in comparison to chrysotile-asbestos. Amfibolovyh asbestos fibers with infiltration into the lungs may be in them throughout life, whereas chrysotile asbestos fibers can dissolve in the acidic environment of lung. This indicates a weakness the same approach to assessing the impact of different types of asbestos on human health. The scientists, calling for a ban of asbestos, most have dealt with the results of research amfibolovogo or mixed asbestos. Currently, in accordance with the recommendations of the ILO amfibolovogo use of asbestos is prohibited in all countries, including Russia. But the people, the world community today is not sufficient information on the biological activity of various different types of asbestos for many mineral «asbestos» there is something common and very dangerous.

3. Mistake of some scientists about the lack of a threshold for asbestos safety ( «and one fiber kills»).
This delusion, if it is confusing and not deliberate misinformation, gives rise to politicians to unbridled antiasbestovuyu campaign. Indeed, if one fiber of asbestos kills, then you should immediately prohibit this mineral, because it is dangerous not only for manufacturers but also for the general population.
Not taken into account the fact that asbestos, a natural product present in all corners of the world in air and water. On average, thousands of people inhale and swallow every day, millions of asbestos fibers. If the allegation «and one fiber kills» was true, then all people would be surprised asbestoobuslovlennymi diseases.
Yes, chrysotile asbestos is classified as a carcinogenic substance, but the classification of the International Association of Cancer study is based on the inherent potential for a substance to cause cancer and does not take into account whether a substance is a strong or a weak carcinogen, whether it is carcinogenic in all circumstances, in particular, at low exposure .
Similar studies were conducted in the cities and Tetford Asbestos in Canada, where she also focused on the mining industry, chrysotile asbestos. The results are similar to the findings of our scientists.
Nevertheless, despite all the scientific and statistical data, the Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Family Council of Europe in 1998, makes the discussion of the Parliamentary Assembly on the document, not recognizing the safety threshold of asbestos. A similar document was submitted by the European Commission for approval of the EEC.

4. Errors or deliberate misinformation about the safety of man-made mineral fibers.
Wary of artificial mineral fibers call for documents of the World Health Organization and the International Labor Organization, which belongs to the possible and probable carcinogens, to say the same study of foreign and Russian scientists.
Meanwhile, world markets are filled «clean» artificial mineral and organic substances and articles of them, aspiring to the role of substitutes for asbestos, but no, according to the manufacturers, its corrosive properties. According to advertising, the inscription «asbestos-free» has become synonymous with the inscription «clean». In doing so, the suppliers of substitutes to asbestos is silent on the need to apply the same safety measures with their material, and that the use of asbestos. Consumers and the public, not a warning of the need for compliance with safety measures, are injurious to health. In addition, the products, replacing the cement in the 2-10 times more expensive, with a population of poor and developing countries simply will not be able to buy them. Nevertheless, despite the objections of scientists and medical professionals asbestos industry, the rich Western countries have pushed the market substitutes.

5. Unscrupulous and biased population projections by both scientists and politicians.
For example, the Minister for Health, Welfare and Education United States, Mr. Kalifano in 1978, made a prediction that in the coming years, 17% of the U.S. population will die from cancers associated with exposure to asbestos. It has been 20 years, and it is not prophecy came true. But, unfortunately, it is on these inaccurate predictions are based decision to ban asbestos.
The Ministry of Social Affairs and employment issues in the Netherlands in a special report predicts that in the coming years in this country of 40 thousand people will die from previously employed in jobs related to the use of asbestos. Moreover, the peak of deaths is expected in the period between 2010 and 2025 years. In Britain, circulated a forecast that by 2020 the annual number of deaths in this country will reach 10 thousand. In doing so, no one uses relatively easily identifiable indicators of risk of death over the past years, when they were very poor working conditions, no one tries at the end of the projection period to determine the coincidence of its predictions with the actual facts.
Such dire predictions immediately apply the media, is a natural fear of the people and the public demands the prohibition of hazardous substances.

6. Competition from producers of alternative materials.
This objective could be the reason for any, including those in the first place. Antiasbestovaya campaign emerged and actively carried out in countries that do not have their own fields of asbestos, but have a strong chemical and metallurgical industries producing substitutes. In conducting antiasbestovoy campaign funds used huge transnational corporations. We have information that psychologists and economists these companies are involved in the commission of European Union and the European Council in discussing the problem of asbestos. Unfortunately, the industry related to asbestos (mainly small cement companies) say, directly, not very large compared to the chemical industry worldwide.
Established in 1976 and unites about 40 asbestos International Association is trying to counteract antiasbestovoy campaign, but as time showed, were not sufficiently effective.
Incidentally, the annual budget of IAA was only 400 thousand dollars, which, of course, negligible in order to deal effectively with transnational chemical concerns. Moreover, these concerns are not confined to markets in rich countries, but are antiasbestovuyu campaign and in the so-called third world. Our recent trip to Vietnam has shown that in this country, active campaign against asbestos French chemical companies spend advertising their goods. In addition, the United States and Western Europe, there were many companies that specialize in removing asbestos from buildings. Its revenues account for billions of dollars. Naturally, they are also actively involved in antiasbestovuyu campaign.

7. Political reasons.
In Western Europe and some other countries the media to respect to asbestos creates an atmosphere similar to psychosis. Public opinion in most of the anti-asbestos. Of course, politicians can not walk past this and unfair policies that benefit their interests. In Britain, for example, is a discussion on the use of chrysotile asbestos and the different views among scientists. But Prime Minister Tony Blair, almost immediately after his election, not having to get acquainted with the problem, made a statement on the ban of asbestos.
A typical story of a ban of asbestos in France. In 1994, several French professors at the University of Paris Zhyusse who worked in the buildings, asbestos-insulated, died of lung cancer. The press has a number of disturbing articles, claiming that it stay in such buildings has led to a fateful end, with no evidence of the causes of cancer are not given. The wives of the teachers described the incident as the manslaughter of their husbands, accusing the industry of inaction and administration facilities. The situation reminded «witch hunt». Unfortunately, no one dared to explain to relatives that lung cancer - the disease is widespread in France (up to 67 cases per 100 thousand men per year), and affects those living in asbestos-free buildings. In October 1994, these disturbing developments, the interest that has been warmed up well, led to the establishment of the University of Zhyusse antiasbestovogo Committee, who in the name of protecting the health of students and teachers demanded the complete removal of asbestos from buildings.
Here is how describes the environment within which the decision to ban asbestos in France, Mr. Claude Allergy - the largest specialist in Occupational Medicine of France: «The university Zhyusse dominated intellectual terrorism. Togo, who dare to cast doubt on the correctness of decisions, insult, abuse and threaten him often. In connection with the atmosphere of collective psychosis of the problem of low-risk has become a huge problem of risk ».
By order of the Government of the French National Institute for Health and Medical Science has prepared a report that an expert group of researchers later evaluated how Canada does not have scientific rigor, as it can be used to support any point of view. This report was published, but after 24 hours based on the French Government has decided to ban asbestos. The haste with which it has been decided, said that it was a foregone advance. That’s what this says about the French scientist, Professor Binon, a specialist on the biological evaluation of asbestos: «This is a political decision made under pressure from community organizations and the media».
Unfortunately, in most of the policy decision taken to ban asbestos in this way, without much discussion, often do not, with the view of medical science. Legal Emilio Costa - Italian industrialist, known in the circles of IAA: «human stupidity, coupled with the huge commercial interests killed the use of one of the most precious of natural fibers that have ever had the humanity». (Italy, as we know, too, has banned asbestos).
We have enormous reserves of this mineral, and convinced that the asbestos and products based on it are safe, it would indeed be foolish to abandon it.
The use of asbestos
There are thousands of uses of asbestos. The most widespread use of asbestos found in the production of composite materials. The main component of this group is a kind of cement that is asbotsement. Other products with high value include friction materials, insulation, and cardboard paper, reinforced plastics, polyvinyl tiles and sheets. Because asbestos can produce yarn and weave cloth. Manufactured textiles in this way can be further processed in the process of friction materials, packaging and plastics, or may find direct application in insulating fabrics and protective clothing, fire resistant and insulating materials.

Production of asbestos

The main types of materials produced on the basis of asbestos are:
- Powdered asbestos;
- Asbestos Paper (more precisely - cardboard), obtained by casting on paper technology;
- Asbestos yarn, cord, rope, cloth;
- Asboplastiki, including friction materials (ie materials for brake linings);
- Asbotsementnye products.
In the manufacture of paper and paperboard used fraction of fibers with a length of up to 8 mm. The faction, composed of fibers longer than 12 mm, is used in the production of textile materials.

Examples asbestotehnicheskih products

Penoasbest
Produced by the original fine mechanical raspushki first asbestos varieties of soft texture, followed by additional dispergatsiey fiber chemical reagents. As a result of receiving one of the light insulating material with an average density of 25-60 kg / m? and the thermal conductivity of 0.028-0.45 W / mK. Limit temp 400 ° C.
Asbokarton (GOST 2850-95)
98-99% asbestos. The size of the sheet 1000×800 mm. Thickness from 2 to 6 mm. Heat-resistant up to 500 ° C. Warranty period of storage - 10 years from the date of manufacture.
Asbestos cloth (GOST 6102-94)
Used for sewing zharoizolyatsionnoy clothing, thermal insulation of furnaces and heating devices. The temperature of the working environment of up to 500 ° C. Fabric brand AT-4 (GOST 6102-78E), consistent with the requirements of fire safety in Russia-01 PB-93 “and refers to the primary means of extinguishing small pockets in the ignition of substances, which may not be burning prishodit without access of air.
Asbestos Cord (GOST 1779-83)
Used in heat units and teploprovodyaschih systems at temperatures up to 400 ° C. Working medium: gas, steam and water. Enters the bays. Weight 1 Bay 17-22 kg. Guaranteed shelf life - 5 years from the date of manufacture.

Insulation of heating and hot devices, pipes and appliances. For these purposes, use powdered asbestos rope, thick cardboard and fabric. Now, for this purpose successfully used materials based on heat-resistant polymer fibers, carbon and inorganic fibers (eg non-woven material of aluminum oxide fibers, which are fairly cheap, of which also produce mats and paper with properties as good as and often better than asbestos).
Asbestos paper and paperboard used as filtering materials for cleaning liquid media. The high surface activity, and small needle crystals (and correspondingly small effective pore size) can produce high-quality clean-up of impurities. However, currently used for this purpose non-woven materials based on ultrathin chemical fibers, which were largely replaced asbestos.
Asbestos fabrics for many years served as a protective material for protective clothing firefighters, nakidok and other rescue equipment. However, they are uncomfortable with the application - heavy, inflexible. Today, for these purposes are widely used protective equipment (especially costumes), based on the multilayer package comprising polymer heat-resistant fabric with heat-shielding layer, alyuminirovannye the outside in order to achieve high reflectivity. Suits for work in extreme conditions under the action of open fire today - is a complex construction, allowing long-term work with an open flame. Thus, the use of asbestos in order to have - an anachronism.
Sealing cords for shafts and other moving parts traditionally made on the basis of asbestos in combination with other types of fibers. Today they have successfully replaced, and more efficiency in the textile structure of the carbon and ftorvolokron, are more reliable and durable in chemically aggressive environments.
Asboplastiki. In structural asboplastikah as a reinforcing component used asbestos fibers (asbovoloknit), paper (asbogetinaks) and tissue (asbotekstolit). Bonds in asboplastikah serve usually thermosetting resins - phenolic, melamine-formaldehyde, etc., as well as thermoplastics.
Of the thermosetting asboplastikov produce different parts or products, including electrical components and products for low-voltage equipment, friction products (brake linings and pads), the details of chemical equipment (eg pump rotors) and others. Asbovoloknit (faolit) is used for lining hemostoykoy equipment. Asbotekstolity used mainly in electrical engineering products. These materials are now losing their importance and are replaced by glass or carbon.
Well-known material is a sheet paronite based on asbestos fibers and other fillers and rubbers used for gaskets. He now successfully replaced with materials that contain carbon and alyuminiyoksidnye fiber.
Friction materials are traditionally made on the basis of asbestos, using heat-resistant binders - phenolic, modified phenolic content of rubber and other ingredients.
By the friction material is subject to high standards, and today is not easy to glean. They must have stable coefficient of friction (from 0.25 to 0.5), high wear resistance, thermal resistance. Kontrtelo with friction should be minimal wear. The temperature of the surface tension reaches 400-500oS, sometimes up to 600oS and the volume of material 200 250oS.
Today, the manufacture of brake linings and pads, discs and clutch means for ground transportation, press equipment, sewing machines and other devices and mechanisms, which requires fast and reliable stopping, or a smooth start in place via the carbon, aramid, glass, high modulus of basalt fibers . Thus, the current replacement of asbestos in friction materials solved.
Asbotsementnye products and tubes from it are important materials widely used in construction, electrical and some other areas. Today, his replacement at a cheap maaterialy solved with the use of glass and basalt fibers. Material and finished products are safe. Cheapness and availability asbotsementa makes it difficult to replace. However, for example, in electrical engineering, he has successfully replaced steklotekstolitom and other plastics.
Finally, it should be again alluded to the problem of toxicity of asbestos. Sam asbestos, already part of the different materials, has no harmful effects.
An important environmental problem is the use of secondary, used asbestos-containing materials. Their grinding for reuse, emitting dust can also be dangerous to humans, although in the form of pieces did not represent a significant danger.
So, for today the problem of replacing asbestos by other types of fibrous materials is solved. The case for so as to minimize, and then to exclude the use of asbestos materials, replacing them with more advanced and safer for people.

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Рубрика: Новости Автор: admin